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Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development

KMK2183 Cognition and Design

Assignment 2: The Design Notebook

Lecturer: Dr. Kamal bin Othman

Group Members:

NO	NAME	MATRIC NUMBER
1.	Nursiah Anak Nyagon	43449
2.	Muhammad Johan Bin Johar	47799
3.	Nuraiman Nazirah Binti Mohammad Adkha	48430

Blog Address: http://www.designnotebookg8.blogspot.my/

Submission Date: 4^th November 2015

Chapter 8: Design Decision

Factor Of Safety
The use of one of more element to prevent system malfunction. It is to offset the effect of unknown variable.

Example: Milok Ion

Figure 8

The figure above show the image of iron. The iron has safety that will control the heat volume. It is important to avoid of charred clothing if the volume not fixed. The controller also have provided label to make user easy to know the level of heat. If the system are damaged, the ion cannot produce the heat.

Satisficing
A principle which proposed that a design that satisfy the basic needs is more preferable.

Example: Water Heater

Figure 8.1

The figure above show  water heater. It satisfy the user need as they can choose either to use hot water of cold water to bath by pressing the button( in red square mark) instead. 

Redundancy

Method to prevent the system from malfunction. This can be achieve by adding of more elements that’s necessary to maintain the performance of a system. There are 4 type of redundancy:

Diverse Redundancy

The use of different types of elements to avoid system from failure

Example: Reset button of Samsung Galaxy S4

Figure 8.3: Two different type of reset button

The presence of two reset button in Samsung Galaxy S4 is the example of diverse redundancy. Usually, when user want to reset the phone, they need to go into the setting, and head to the back up system and choose the factory data reset ( shown in image with red circle). But the things happen when sometimes your phone is completely locked up and you can’t even access the menus since swiping the phone’s screen would not cause any effect. Therefore, another way to reset the phone is through manually pressing the reset button located outside the phone ( shown in image with red arrow pointing the button) .

Homogenous Redundancy

The use of single type elements to avoid system from failure. the failure of an elements will affect the performance of the system , but the whole system still function-able

Example: Umbrella's Rib

 Figure 8.3.1 

Umbrella is design with the presence of many ribs. The ribs holds the shape of the umbrella when the umbrella is being opened. The presence of ribs is to hold the shape of an umbrella, thus preventing the user from getting wet or exposed to sunlight. When one of the rib is broken, the shape will be change. Although the umbrella still can be use, but the efficiency is become lower. Beside, the broken of one rib will lead to the increase of pressure of others rib. Then, the umbrella will totally fail to perform its function when the others ribs started to wear off.

Active Redundancy

It is an application that redundant all the time. 

Example: Single wall hanging cloth

Figure 8.3.2

The figure above show the single wall hanging cloth. The metal ring use to hang the cloth at one time. If the metal ring is broken, the hanging cloth will completely failure to function and it cannot be use to hang the cloth. 

Passive Redundancy

Act as an application of the redundant element. It used when the active elements fail to perform it’s function.

Example: Singer's sewing machine

Figure 8.3.3

 The figure above shown the image of Singer's sewing machine. The spare needle found along with the machine when we buy it.. When the needle is broken, rust or missing, it will leads the machine to be failure functioning. So, the presence of spare needle act as a replacement , enable the sewing machine perform its function.

Ockham’s Razor
Ockham's Razor proposed that when a few similar function’s design is presented, the design with a simplest way to obtain the same function is chosen. The design that has been chosen than other design because it is simplest design.

Example: lighter and matches

 

Figure 8.4

Based on of this two(2) of light up the fire,user always prefer a lighter to light up the fire because it more than a matches.It is complicated to use a matches than the lighter because need rub stick,cover the fire,our hand feel hot and the fire not light up long lasting.

Form Follows Function

The beauty of design that had been created from it main function and purpose.

Figure 8.5 

As we can see from the figure above, there are two different type of luggage bag with the same purpose which is to carry stuff. The design of the red luggage beg is more stylish, nicer outlook compare with the old fashion purple luggage bag. Besides, it’s main purpose is remain there but the presence of wheels made a luggage become easier to be carried.

Flexibility-Usability Tradeoff

A design which can perform multiple of function may affect the performances of the design, therefore lower the design’s usability. 

Example: Casio watch

Figure 8.6

As we can see, the Casio watch have many functions as it show  time, date, day, calculate the time taken for a lap, calculate simple mathematics, set alarm and perform as a stopwatch. The presence of many functions in a watch may confuse the user where which button is contribute to which functions. The design of tiny size button will make user hard to press it, especially when they need to use the calculator. It leads to time consuming when perform the calculator function and reduce in efficiency when calculating.

Chapter 7: Design and Appeal

Entry Point

A design that has an intentional design to entry the premise .Good entry point must had this four (4) elements

1 ) Minimal Barriers

The design that not encumber the user to user enter or move it .had less barrier and use feel comfortable to enter

 

Figure 7.1.1

This is entrance of washroom at TAZ college .The entrance of entrance do not have barrier.The design only use a wall like a maze to block the view from the public .

2 )Points of Prospect

Good Entry points should had a design that give space ,time and clearly view to the user so that the user feel occasion and comfortable.

Example : TAZ apartmeet house 

 

Figure 7.1.2

This is living room for this house.This living room had a good arrangement and space that create a comfortable feeling to the public after they enter this house.

3)Progressive Lures

Good entry point must had a Lures that used to attracts public.

Example : TAZ College office entrance

                                       

                                                       Figure 7.1.3

               

There a signboard and carpet that welcoming the public that attract public

Aesthetic- Usability effect

The usability of object which is perceived as easier to use than less-aesthetic designs and promote creative thinking and problem solving. Aesthetic designs also foster positive relationships with users and have tolerant of design problem. The design effect has significant implication regarding the acceptance, use and performance of a design.

Example: Umbrella

 

Figure 7.2: Can be folded

Figure 7.2.1: Cannot be folded

                      
As we can see from both figure above, the folded umbrella is more easy to use rather than not have folded. It is easy to put inside the bag for inconvenience to carry somewhere. The umbrella function for help us from sunlight and rain.

Archetype
Universal patterns of theme and form resulting from innate biases or dispositions. 

Example: Cleaning spray

Figure 7.3: Image of Mr. Muscle          

                                                    
Based on the picture given,the picture that be circled is shown a muscle man  meaning to be going a superhero. It try to show how powerful he is capable to vanish the dirt and stain.

Mimicry

Mimicry refers to the properties from organisms, objects and environment to shape a products design to improve its function. There are 3 types of mimicry:

Surface Mimicry
Making a design look like something else.

Example:  Screen Cap of Guitar Chord application

Figure 7.4.1

The Guitar Chord application is design by copying the outlook of a real guitar . Each string presence in real guitar can be found too in this application. The mimicry of the real guitar ensure user can perform a song well too even though they are playing the song through the phone .

Behavioral Mimicry
Creating a design to act like something else.

Example: Screen cap from Talking Tom application

Figure 7.4.2

As we can see from figure above, Talking Tom is the android game. In this game, the cat is design to mimic the behavior of a pet which is sleep, eat and poop. It also can mimic the voice of human as we talking to it.

Functional Mimicry

Develop a design to work like something else

Example: The toy machine

Figure 7.4.3

The figure above show the claw machine. The claw is design through copying the function of human’s hand, which is to grab, or to hold things. The claw will extend its part towards the toy, open the prongs and grab the toy same like our hand when we want to grab the things. 

Chapter 6: Design and Usability

Iconic Representation

The use of image or symbol to recall signs and improve the recognition. There are 4 type of iconic representation:

Similar Icon
Use of  image that similar to the action, concept and object

Example:  Image of people exit from the place

Figure 6.1

Picture above show the symbol of people exit the place. Similar iconic representation can be found in this picture as the action of people exit the place can easily be understand. 

Example Icon
Use of image as example to show the complex action, concept and object

Example: 
Image of umbrella and motorcyclist 

Figure 6.1.1

The image above show the icon of umbrella and motorcycle. It use to represent the place as the shelter during rainy day

Symbolic Icon
Use of recognizable object to represent to the action, concept and object

Example:
Symbolic icon in escalator signs

Figure 6.1.2

The figure above show the warning sign in the escalator. The symbol of trolley is to represent that user cannot bring the trolley on the escalator. 

Arbitrary Icon

Use of image that has no relationship with the action, concept and object.

Example: 
Arbitrary icon in backpack

 

Figure 6.1.3

The figure above show the tumble drying sign. The icon is use at the most clothing and fabric product as guide for the user about do's and don't when cleaning the product. 

Affordance

Characteristic of product that effect its function

Example: Magnet button in the bag

Figure 6.2

The image above the magnet button on the bag. The magnet button use to seal the bag so that the things from the bag cannot easily fall out. 

Constraint

Constraints have limit possible action that can performed on a system. We use constraints in design to simply usability and minimize errors. There are 2 type of constraint: 

Psychological Constraints

Used to improve the clarity and intuitiveness of design. Psychological constraints limit the range of possible actions by the way people perceive and think about the world which is symbols, conventions and mapping. Symbols influence behavior by communicating through language, such as text, icon and warning sign.

Example: Rice cooker box

Figure 6.3

Physical Constraints

Used to reduce the sensitivity of controls, minimize unintentional input and prevent dangerous actions. Limit range of possible actions by redirecting physical motion in specific which is path, axes and barriers. 
Example: Warning symbol of water heater

The designer use the icon and text to make better understanding to users. 

Figure 6.3.1

The sticker warning is important to remind user for awareness. It is for users safety when use the water heater.

Visibility

Visibility is a system usable to indicate status, the possible actions that can be performed and the consequences of the actions once performed. The principle of visibility is based on the fact that people can be better at recognizing solutions when selecting from a set of options, then recalling solutions from memory. Visible controls and information serve as reminders for the possible outcome from our mind.

Figure 6.4

ATM machine is visibility system where determine the user ID and password before proceed cash withdrawal. The ATM machine provides selecting option for menus. Therefore, the users should memorize their on key password and knows to use ATM machine.

Mental Model 
People are tendency to understand how the system works based on the mental representation of the experience. 

Example: Mineral bottle

Figure 6.5

The figure above show the image of mineral bottle. The user can recall on how to open the bottle which is by twist the bottle cap based on their experience before on how it works. 

Mapping
Good mapping means the design of an object effects the users to use it easily when their know how to control their action on that object.

Example : grip carry and back support carry

Figure 6.6

This design of bag had 2 different of carry. This design of 2 carry bag make users know how to use the carry whether wants to grip or hang up at the back of body.